摘要：习近平总书记在党的十九大报告指出，中国特色社会主义政治道路，是近代以来中国人民长期奋斗历史逻辑、理论逻辑、实践逻辑的必然结果，是坚持党的本质属性、践行党的根本宗旨的必然要求。世界上没有完全相同的政治制度模式，政治制度不能脱离特定社会政治条件和历史文化传统来抽象评判，不能定于一尊，不能生搬硬套外国政治制度模式。长期以来，如何辨清西方政治模式和理论的局限性，如何从制度模式和发展道路上总结中国政治发展的优势、特征和潜力，是摆在中国理论界和学术界的重要课题。而近年来“西方之乱、中国之治”的政治图景，为突破西式政治概念和逻辑的桎梏、完善和发展中国政治学科话语体系提供了鲜活的素材和难得的历史机遇。本报告指出，2008年国际金融危机爆发以来，西方社会陷入困境，进一步暴露了西式民主政治的缺陷。多年来，西式民主一元论造成了“民主过热、自由透支、治理赤字、发展无力”。西式自由民主理论思维走入极端，逻辑上陷入悖论，实践中步入泥潭。西式民主政治陷入了多重困境。2016年以来，国际社会一些有识之士纷纷发表看法，“看空”西式民主，看好中国政治道路和中国优势。例如，面对西方政治乱局，《金融时报》2017年下半年连续刊文称，“全球民主大衰退”“英美民主政体遭遇危机”、呼吁做空“全球民主”。西方政治乱象和政治困局已经引起了国际范围内对民主问题的探讨与反思。“西方之乱，中国之治”的命题，成为当今世界一个鲜明的政治写照。世界政治的如此图景，引发了2017年以来的西方舆论对东西方政治的“大反差”和“大反转”。冷战结束近30年来，伴随着国际经济格局的变化，全球政治版图正处于历史转折期，国际社会面临着几百年来罕见的“大变局”。本报告提出，准确把握世界潮流、辨析西式民主，将有助于更加科学地认识西方政治本质和优劣，有助于树立正确的民主观，有助于坚持“四个自信”，有助于坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义全面发展的政治道路。本报告提出，应坚定政治自信，在民主等政治概念研究中有破有立、破立并举：超越西式民主阐释和研究范式；鼓励升级版的民主研究路径；强调发展民主的民族性和主权性；强调发展民主的历史性和具体性；强调民主的实践性；强调民主的成长性和阶段性；强调民主与政治发展的关联性和差异性；强调国际关系民主化，构建人类命运共同体。以全面发展观破解西式民主悖论。政治发展的全面性是中国成功的政治密码和政治优势所在。以“四个伟大”的理念统筹推进“五位一体”的总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”的战略布局。坚持全面的发展观，加强政治建设，将民主纳入政治发展的轨道。以全面的政治发展提升国家治理能力、国家政治发展力和国际政治竞争力。关键词：民主 民主化 民主观 政治发展 政治衰败 苏共 俄罗斯 世界政治Abstract:The path of socialist political advancement with Chinese characteristics is the logical outcome of the evolution of history,theory,and practice as the Chinese people have long engaged in struggles since the advent of modern times.It is a requisite for maintaining the very nature of the Chinese Communist Party and fulfilling its fundamental purpose.No two political systems are entirely the same,and a political system cannot be judged in abstraction without regard for its social and political context,its history,and its cultural traditions.For a long time, how to perceive the defects of the Western political modes and theories and how to sum up the advantages, characteristics and potential of the Chinese mode and path of political development have remained an important task for Chinese academics and theorists.In this regard, the recent unfolding of political events,typically the drastic comparison between“Western chaos and Chinese governance”has provided a living example and golden opportunity for them to break off Western conceptual and logical shackles, with a view to developing and improving the Chinese discourse system of political science.Since the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008,according to the report,the Western society has been caught deep in a dilemma, laying bare the defects of the Western modes of democracy and politics.For many years, the Western monism of democracy has given rise to a bunch of emerging problems, such as“democratic overheat, freedom overdraft, governance deficit, and development intrepidity”.Hence, the Western theories of democratic politics are encountering multiple dilemmas:paranoid thinking, logical paradox and practical impasse.From 2016 onward, particularly, people of insight began to cast doubt over the Western mode of democracy while laying hopes on the Chinese path of political development and its peculiar advantages.In 2017, for instance, the Financial Times carried a series of articles entitled“The Global Democratic Recession”“The Crisis in Anglo-American Democracy”, etc., calling for a sober reflection on“global democracy”.The political chaos in the West also triggered off a widespread discussion and debate on democracy across the globe.The proposition of“Western chaos and Chinese governance”presents a vivid political snapshot of the contemporary world, leading to a“drastic turn”and“major shift”of Western opinion on Western and Eastern politics since 2017.In the past three decades, great changes have taken place in the international economic arena insomuch that a historical period of transition is setting in for global politics as well.We are in the midst of a“great transformation”unknown before in centuries.A good perception of global trends and Western mode of democracy,as noted by the report, will contribute to our understanding of the nature and pros-ons of Western politics, and will help us develop a proper view of democracy, adhere to“Four Confidences”（confidence in our path, confidence in our guiding theories, confidence in our political system, and confidence in our culture）, and unswervingly pursue a political path of all-round development with Chinese characteristics.The report contends that China should be politically confident in a bid to distinguish between good and bad elements in political concepts including democracy; transcend the Western interpretative cycle and research paradigm of democracy; encourage an updated research path of democracy; stress the nationality and sovereignty of democratic development;stress the historicity and specificity of democracy; stress the practicality of democracy; stress the growth and periodicality of democracy; stress the correlation and differentiation between democracy and political development; and stress the democratization of international relations with a view to building a community of a shared future for mankind.In order to unravel the Western paradox of democracy, it is necessary to develop a new view of all-round development.All-round political development has been the peculiar key and advantage to China's success.We should use the“Four Greats”（great struggle, great project, great cause and great dream）to promote the overall plan for all-round economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress, and to implement the strategic blueprint of“Four Comprehensives”（comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively govening the country in accordance with the law, and comprehensively strengthening Party discipline）.By embracing a view of all-round development,we can incorporate democracy into the orbit of political development, and can, as such, enhance our country's governance capabilities, political competence and international competitiveness.Keywords: Democracy Democratization Political Development Political Demise Soviet Communist Party Russia World Politics
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