中国共产党舆论监督工作研究

舆论监督是监督体系的一个重要组成部分。马克思主义经典作家和中国共产党历代领导人对舆论监督的性质、作用、意义都给予过深刻界说，并且体现出一脉相承的思想精华，即“实事求是”。中国共产党从建党之初至今，一直高度重视和开展舆论监督工作。本文以马克思主义唯物史观为指导，对中国共产党舆论监督工作的发展脉络进行考察和分析，并试图揭示出这一工作的基本规律。全文共分为六个部分：导论部分，对舆论监督的相关概念进行界定；梳理目前学术界关于中国共产党舆论监督工作的研究现状；说明本文的研究意义、基本思路和方法、基本框架结构。第一章在梳理马克思主义经典作家关于舆论监督论述的基础上，主要分析了中国共产党开展舆论监督工作的理论基础。马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林等马克思主义经典作家关于舆论监督的理论与实践成果，为中国共产党自觉地运用这一批判的武器来鞭挞落后、揭露社会不良现象提供了强大的思想理论武器。第二章主要对中国共产党从建党之日到新中国成立前夕所进行的舆论监督实践进行历史考察，对这一时期的舆论监督思想进行分析。认为在整个新民主主义时期，“一切为了战争的胜利”是此期各项工作的主线，“救亡图存、揭露敌对势力、开展党内政治教育、动员群众”是这一时期舆论监督工作的基本特点。其中，中国共产党成立和大革命时期，揭露军阀专制、帝国主义侵略、国民党反动派破坏国共合作、批判党内投降主义，成为这一时期舆论监督的重点；揭破帝国主义、国民党军阀及一切反动派叛变革命、欺骗工农群众的阴谋，是土地革命战争期间舆论监督工作的中心点；“团结一切可以团结的力量，坚决抗日，反对卖国投降，救亡图存，开展党内整风教育”，是抗日战争时期舆论监督工作的一条主线；“坚持团结，反对分裂；追求和平，反对内战，夺取革命的最后胜利，建立一个新中国”，是解放战争时期中国共产党舆论监督工作的出发点和落脚点；第三章主要梳理了从新中国成立以来舆论监督工作思想与实践的发展脉络。在过渡时期，舆论监督对国民经济的恢复、党的各项事业的顺利开展发挥了积极的、建设性的作用；社会主义建设道路探索时期，舆论监督在以正确处理人民内部矛盾为主题的整风运动、党内思想教育、发展社会生产力、破除教条主义、巩固无产阶级专政成果、弘扬时代正气等方面，都发挥了重要作用，但在“反右派斗争”和“大跃进”运动中，也出现了扩大化和背离实事求是思想路线的失误；“文化大革命”期间，由于党的指导思想发生了偏差，新闻事业遭到全面破坏，舆论监督被极少数别有用心的人所利用，成为“打倒一切”的代名词，舆论监督处于十分危险与尴尬的境地，教训极为深刻。党的十一届三中全会以来，拨乱反正，党的工作重心全面转移，随着改革开放、建立社会主义市场经济体制等重大战略的不断推进，舆论监督工作迎来了明媚的春天，舆论监督思想日趋成熟，舆论监督实践步入良性、健康发展轨道。党的十一届三中全会以来，一直沿用的“批评与自我批评”的提法被“舆论监督”一词所取代。中国共产党高度重视舆论监督的作用，并分别在党的十三大、十四大、十五大、十六大、十七大报告中予以重点阐述。关于“舆论监督”的相关法律法规体系逐步建立和完善。舆论监督在建设社会主义物质文明、精神文明、政治文明，构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大事业中作出了很大贡献，舆论监督实践取得显著实绩。第四章主要对中国共产党开展舆论监督工作的思想及相关重大理论问题进行探究。指出中国共产党开展舆论监督的根本宗旨是全心全意为人民服务；中国共产党舆论监督的根本性质是鲜明的无产阶级党性原则；坚持党对舆论监督工作的绝对领导，舆论监督要坚持实事求是的思想路线，必须加强舆论监督的法治化建设，舆论监督要讲究方法、注重效果等，是中国共产党开展舆论监督工作的几条基本经验。第五章主要对中国共产党所开展的舆论监督工作的相关理论和实践问题进行思考。对舆论监督与其他监督形式之间的关系问题进行考察。指出：在党和政府构筑的一个大的监督体系中，舆论监督与党内监督、法律监督、群众监督四者之间既相互联系、互相作用，又各有指向，各司其职；对正面宣传与批评报道、舆论监督与监督舆论、公开报道与内部参考这几组问题进行了思考与分析；认为“加强制度建设、完善相应法律法规，真正做到有法可依、有章可循”，是解决当前舆论监督实践中所面临的种种难题与困惑的当务之急，唯其如此，舆论监督方能走出困境，期待更有作为，开创更加广阔天地。关键词：中国共产党； 舆论监督工作； 思想； 实践AbstractSupervision by public opinion is a key component of supervisory system.Proletarian revolution leaders and leaders of CPC have profoundly defined the nature，function and significance of supervision by public opinion and a coherent elite thought has been shown，i.e.“being practical and realistic”.Since its foundation，Communist Party of China（CPC）has always paid great attention to supervision by public opinion.Guided by Marxist materialistic concept of history，this paper investigates and analyzes the evolvement of CPC efforts on supervision by public opinion，with an aim to reveal the basic thoughts and rules of CPC in this regard.This paper includes six parts as follows：In contents of Introduction we define some concepts related to supervision by public opinion，describe the status quo of researches by the academic community on CPC efforts with regard to supervision by public opinion，and explain the research significance，basic thoughts and methods of this paper，as well as its innovation points and basic structure.Chapter One mainly analyzes the theoretical basis for CPC efforts on supervision by public opinion on the basis of Marxism on supervision.Marx，Engels，Lenin and Stalin，all their theories and practical results provide a powerful ideological and theoretical weapon for CPC to consciously whip the laggard and reveal evil social phenomena by use of this critical weapon.Chapter Two mainly involves historical investigation of CPC efforts on supervision by public opinion since its foundation to the establishment of P.R.C and analysis of thoughts on supervision by public opinion during this period.We thought that“victory of war”is the top priority for efforts on supervision by pub lic opinion during these periods，while“saving the nation for survival，revealing opponent forces，carrying out political education within the Party，and mobilizing grassroots people”are basic features of efforts on supervision by public opinion during these periods.During the Great Revolution，revealing warlord autocracy，imperialist invasion and undermine of KMT-CPC cooperation by reactionary KMT and criticizing capitulationism within the Party becomes a key point of supervision by public opinion during this period；disclosing the conspiracy of imperialist，KMT warlord and all reactionaries in betraying revolution and cheating people of workers and peasants is a central point of supervision by public opinion during the land revolution war；“uniting all forces that can be united，uncompromisingly resisting Japanese aggression，opposing betrayal of motherland，saving the nation for survival，and carrying out rectification education within the Party”is a main line for efforts on supervision by public opinion during the resistance war against Japanese aggression；“adhering to union，opposing disintegration，pursuing peace，opposing civil war，securing ultimate victory of revolution，and founding a new China”is the starting point and standing point for CPC efforts on supervision by public opinion during the liberation war.Chapter Three mainly combs through the development venation of thoughts and practices on supervision by public opinion since P.R.C foundation to the 16th National Congress of CPC.During the transition period，supervision by public opinion plays an active and constructive role in recovery of national economy and smooth fulfillment of various Party tasks；during the period of opposing Rightist，Great Leap Forward and 10-year Cultural Revolution，due to deviation in the Party’s guiding thoughts，the media cause is totally damaged，supervision by public opinion is utilized by a few people with evil motives and becomes the pronoun for“overthrowing everything”，so it is placed in a very dangerous and awkward position，and the lesson is extremely profound；since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CPC，all disordered things have been rectified and corrected，the Party’s work focus is shifted in all aspects，and with the continuous deepening and steady advancing of strategic tasks such as opening-up and establishing a socialist market economy system etc.，supervision by public opinion welcomes in its springtime，thoughts on supervision by public opinion get increasingly mature，and practices in supervision by public opinion step onto a benign and healthy development track；since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CPC，the concept of“criticism and self-criticism”that has been long adopted is replaced by the phrase“supervision by public opinion”；CPC pays high attention to the function of supervision by public opinion and has talked much about this issue in the reports from its 13th to 16th National Congresses；the legislative system relevant to“supervision by public opinion”has been gradually established and improved；supervision by public opinion has made much contribution to the grand causes of developing socialist material civilization，spiritual civilization and political civilization and of constructing socialist harmonious society，while practices in supervision by public opinion have obtained remarkable achievements.Chapter Four mainly provides an in-depth exploration of the thoughts and related key theories for CPC efforts on supervision by public opinion.Contents of this chapter include：the fundamental purpose for CPC to implement supervision by public opinion is to serve the people heart and soul；the fundamental nature of CPC supervision by public opinion is based on the unique principle of CPC as a proletarian party；absolute leadership by the Party over efforts on supervision by public opinion shall be adhered to，media organizations shall not criticize the Party committee of equivalent level，and supervision by public opinion shall be gradually legalized，these are three key systems for CPC to implement supervision by public opinion.Chapter Five mainly discusses the significance of CPC practices and the approaches and methods on supervision by public opinion，and investigates the relationship between supervision by public opinion and other forms of supervision，including：in the greater supervisory system constructed by the Party and the government，supervision by public opinion，supervision within the Party，supervision by law and supervision by people not only connect and interact with each other，but also have separate and respective roles to play；current troubles，situation and problems for supervision by public opinion are rationally analyzed，and some necessary measures for correct implementation of supervision by public opinion are recommended.In addition，it is also pointed out that，“strengthening system construction and improving relevant legislation to ensure there are laws to go by and rules to follow”is the top priority to settle current troubles and puzzles in implementing supervision by public opinion，and only in this way，can problems concerning supervision by public opinion be overcome，more achievements be anticipated，and wider space for development be created.Keywords：Communist Party of China（CPC）； Supervision by public opinion；Thought； Practice

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