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Africa has been playing an important role in China foreign strategy,aiding to Africa is a significant way in developing China-Africa relations,promoting China's soft power and building a harmonious world.Although Africa is not the core in American international strategy,its strategic importance is increasing day by day.Aiding to Africa is an important tool to pursue the objectives of U.S.'s Africa policy and it is a way to remodel U.S.'s soft power.U.S.'s aiding policy to Africa has an important influence on Africa and other aid countries.U.S.is paying attention to China's aid to Africa increasingly,and evaluating China's rising influence in Africa which would have an impact upon America.China and the U.S.is encountering each other in Africa,and aid will become important areas of competition and cooperation.For China,U.S.'s aiding policy to Africa is especially worth concerning and researching.At present,researches on China or U.S.aid to Africa have obtained some achievements at home and abroad,but it still lack the systematic comparison of China-U.S.foreign aid to Africa,and there have some misunderstandings existing both domestically and internationally.In order to contribute to remedy these defects,based on taking example of the existing research results,this paper compared the differences and similarities in China-U.S.aiding to Africa objectively,summed up the advantages and disadvantages of both,and tried to put forward beneficial recommendations to improve the level of China aiding to Africa.The main research methods are Marxist historical analysis and dialectical analysis method,and the comparison analysis,case analysis,statistical analysis as well as other methods,were be used comprehensively.The introduction of this paper mainly expounded the significance of this topic,summarized the study situation at home and abroad,made certain the definition of the foreign aid which this paper adopted,and so on.In addition,the introduction introduced the research methods and the innovations of this paper in brief.The text has six chapters,in addition to the introduction.The first chapter briefly reviewed the history of China-U.S.aiding to Africa during the Cold-war.The focuses are the adjustment and development process of China-U.S.'s aiding policies to Africa under the changed background in domestic and international situations after the Cold -war.It analyzed the causes,and summarized the characteristics of China-U.S.'s aiding policies to Africa at every stage.The second chapter mainly expounds the culture sources of ideas in China-U.S.aiding to Africa.The concepts of China aiding to Africa are mainly embodied in the principles which are formulated by various policy documents in years gone by.It used the“He He”culture of the China traditional culture as the kernel spirit,deeply influenced by the internationalism principles,and developed the new idea of developing together by mutual benefits.The U.S.'s aid to Africa always has additional conditions in political,economic,and values.It reflects the special culture sources in ideas of U.S.'s aid to Africa,that is Christian religious culture tradition,the sense of“god's chosen people”and“Manifest Destiny”,these have been embodied as important components of culture kernel in American's realism and idealistic tradition.Furthermore,African Americans are dual influenced by American and Africa culture.Along with their status ascending politically and economically,the effects of dual cultures are also reflecting increasingly.The chapter also systematically compared the targets of China-U.S.aiding to Africa from the political,economic and international morality aspects.They have much in common,and have big differences.The third chapter focused on comparing emphasis which China-U.S.aiding to different regions of Africa.I found that the factors which determine the relationship whether can be developed normally between China and African countries are whether adhering to the one-China principle on the Taiwan issue and whether being friendly towards China or not,and it also determines to a large extent whether China's aid can be implemented coherently.On the one hand,China attaches great importance to foreign aid to advance economic and trade relationship with African countries,on the other hand,the level of economic development and actual need of recipients are also taken into consideration of aiding.Based on persisting in the principle of“non-interference in internal affairs”and “never attach any political conditions”,China's assistance is emphasizing in development aid projects such as infrastructure construction,culture,education,etc,which have close relationship with people's livelihood.These reflect that China's aid has altruism.Whether recipients have important value in security,economic and energy is the decisive factor which determine America seleeting the key recipients.The United States attaches importance to using aid to promote the democratic and liberal reform in recipients,but it pay more attention to whether the recipient is“pro-American”and this is the significant evidences to U.S.in increasing or cutting aid.The level of economic development and actual need of recipients are not the necessary factors in U.S.aid.The United States tends much more to implement humanitarian food aid and health medical assistance which can have effects in the short term.It reflect that U.S.'s aid has egoism.The fourth chapter basically comparatively analyzed China-U.S.aiding to Africa from the mechanism,channels and other countries' estimates,etc.There are more differences in mechanism and channels between China and U.S.aiding to Africa.It is found that most Africans have positive views to both China and America after comparing other countries'(especially African countries')evaluation on China-U.S.aiding to Africa.Even though the absolute number of U.S.'s aid to Africa is far more than China's,but proportion that Africans have good impression on China is higher than on America,China's aid won general recognition of the African people by pursuing the principle of non-interference in internal affairs and paying attention to the infrastructure construction.The evaluation which comes from United States is tending to be comprehensive and positive on China's aid to African.Chapter five selected Sudan as a case.It specifically analyzed the history of China-U.S.aid to Sudan,the similarities and differences of aid targets,and discussed the trend of China-U.S.'s aid after south Sudan's independence.On the basis of the comparative analysis of China-U.S.aid to Africa,the sixth chapter basically raised some thinking about improving the level of China aid to Africa.First,it summarized the advantages and disadvantages of China-U.S.aid to Africa.Secondly,it analyzed the possible dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S.aid to Africa.The dialogue and cooperation is impor tan t in the field of China-U.S.aid to Africa,the following measures can be adopted:encourage dialogue and exchange in the field of aid to Africa at unofficial levels;Promote the official communication developing from the lower level to the higher;establish China-U.S.joint committee and the working group in aiding to Africa;invite related African recipients to participate at the right time.To develop the dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S.aid to Africa,we can start trying from these two issues-humanitarian assistance and medical aid.The dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S.aid to Africa is still a kind of concept,China will also face many problems,such as the agencies of China-U.S.aid to Africa are not matched in dialogue and cooperation,the domestic and political effects in America and how would China grasp the right to speak,etc.Finally,this chapter put forward some suggestions to elevate the level of China aid to Africa:first,China's mechanism of foreign aid should be improveed gradually;second,China's media should pay more attention to the field of aiding to Africa;third,China should do well in prospective investigation analysis work about African countries' development;fourth,China should also encourage constructors of aiding to Africa and communicate with local people to enhance mutual trust. Key Words:China;U.S.;Aid to Africa;Comparative Study
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魏雪梅,女,生于1982年12月,2008年9月至2011年7月就读于中共中央党校国际战略研究所国际政治专业,获法学博士学位,指导老师为刘建飞教授。发表学术论文主要有《奥巴马政府外援政策的调整》(发表于《现代国际关系》,2009年第12期)、《“中美关系30年:回顾与展望”研讨会综述》(发表于《美国研究》,2010年第1期)等。2011年7月至今在西北民族大学马克思主义学院任教师,职称副教授。研究领域主要为中美对非洲援助、中美关系等。
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绪言一 选题意义
二 国内外研究综述(一)关于对外援助理论的研究成果
(二)中美对非洲援助的研究成果
(三)关于国家间对外援助比较研究的成果
三 研究方法(一)历史分析法
(二)比较研究法
(三)案例分析法
(四)其他研究方法
四 创新及难点
第一章 冷战后中美对非洲援助历史概述第一节 冷战期间中美对非洲援助历程一 冷战期间中国对非洲援助
二 冷战期间美国对非洲援助
第二节 冷战后中国对非洲援助一 20世纪90年代的对非援助
二 21世纪以来的对非洲援助
第三节 冷战后美国对非洲援助一 克林顿政府时期对非援助
二 小布什政府时期对非洲的援助
三 奥巴马政府上任以来对非援助
本章小结
第二章 中美援非理念、目标之比较第一节 中国援非理念的文化渊源一 以“和合”为核心的传统文化
二 国际主义原则
三 互惠互利、共同发展的新理念
第二节 美国援非理念的文化渊源一 基督教宗教传统
二 “上帝选民”与“天定命运”观
三 现实主义与理想主义传统
四 非裔美国人①的双重文化认同
第三节 中美援非目标之异同一 政治目标之异同
二 经济目标之异同
三 国际道义目标之异同
本章小结
第三章 中美对非洲援助重点比较第一节 中美对北非援助重点比较一 中国对北非国家援助重点
二 美国对北非国家援助重点
三 中美对北非国家援助异同点
第二节 中美对东非援助重点比较一 中国对东非国家援助重点
二 美国对东非国家援助重点
三 中美对东非国家援助异同点
第三节 中美对西非援助重点比较一 中国对西非国家援助重点
二 美国对西非国家援助重点
三 中美对西非国家援助异同点
第四节 中美对南部非洲援助重点比较一 中国对南部非洲国家援助重点
二 美国对南部非洲国家援助重点
三 中美对南部非洲国家援助异同点
第五节 中美对中部非洲援助重点比较一 中国对中部非洲国家援助重点
二 美国对中部非洲国家援助重点
三 中美对中部非洲国家援助异同点
本章小结
第四章 对中美援非机制和评价的比较第一节 援非管理机制的比较一 中国的援非管理机制
二 美国的援非管理机制
三 中美援非管理机制之比较
第二节 援非实施方式的比较一 中国援非实施方式
二 美国援非实施方式
三 中美援非实施方式之比较
第三节 对中美援非评价的比较一 非洲国家对中美援非评价比较
二 西方发达国家对中美援非评价比较
三 中美在援非事务上互相评价
本章小结
第五章 个案分析——中美对苏丹援助比较第一节 中国对苏丹援助简史一 冷战期间中国对苏丹援助
二 20世纪90年代中国对苏丹援助
三 新世纪以来中国对苏丹援助
第二节 美国对苏丹援助简史一 冷战期间美国对苏丹援助
二 20世纪90年代美国对苏丹援助
三 新世纪以来美国对苏丹援助
第三节 中美对苏丹援助目标比较一 援苏政治目标之异同
二 援苏经济目标之异同
三 援苏国际道义目标的异同
第四节 前景展望
本章小结
第六章 对提高中国援非水平的思考第一节 中美援助非洲的优势与不足一 中国援助非洲的优势与不足
二 美国援助非洲的优势与不足
第二节 对中美在援非领域可能进行的对话与合作分析一 中美进行援非对话与合作的重要意义
二 中美援非对话与合作可采取的措施
三 对话与合作的可能议题与中国将面对的问题
第三节 提升中国援非水平的政策建议一 逐步完善中国对外援助机制
二 增加中国媒体对援非领域的关注度
三 做好非洲国家发展的前瞻性调研分析工作
四 鼓励援非施工人员与当地交流增进信任
本章小结